Understanding the fundamental logic and structural paradigms used to build complex, scalable software systems.
Code is executed step-by-step in the exact order it is written, from the first line to the last.
The program makes a decision based on a condition (e.g., IF statements), taking different paths depending on the result.
Code is repeated multiple times, either for a fixed count (FOR) or until a condition changes (WHILE).
OOP is a paradigm based on "objects" which contain both data and the functions that manipulate it.
A Class is a template (blueprint) and an Object is a specific instance of that template with its own data.
Hiding the internal state and requiring all interaction to happen through an object's public methods.
Creating a hierarchy where a new class takes on the properties and behaviors of an existing parent class.
The ability for different classes to be treated as instances of the same parent class through the same interface.